Collective Placemaking Through Permaculture
Lilia Nenescu, Arcadie Botnaru, Alexandru Macrinici and Valentin Botezatu, Chisinau
There are many ways and tools citizens can use to reclaim their right to the city, one of which is urban gardening. It can be practiced with little prior knowledge and minimum resources. It is widely used to engage people, to stimulate social cohesion, to increase the sense of belonging, to activate spaces, to reclaim abandoned spaces, to create community based places and to increase the level of citizens participation in city governance.
Although gardening can be a powerful tool for community engagement and for reclaiming the city, it can have a greater value for the environment, the city and the people if practiced in a sustainable way. Sustainable gardening is best captured by permaculture principles and design.
According to Bill Mollison, the father of permaculture, "permaculture is a philosophy of working with, rather than against nature; of protracted and thoughtful observation rather than protracted and thoughtless labour; and of looking at plants and animals in all their functions, rather than treating any area as a single-product system."
Using permaculture in the city allows us to create green spaces that are resilient to the local climate (which can be harsher in the city) and to manage them with little maintenance and effort.
Identify a space in the city that can be transformed with permaculture. It can be an abandoned green space, a public space at risk of being privatized, street alignments in your neighborhood, a plot in the park, lawns etc. In our case we chose a green square "Colina Circului" which was at risk of being privatized in 2019 and which has since then an activist history and continuous collective efforts around reclaiming it.
Find out who owns/manages the space and get approval or go guerrilla gardening. In our case, we chose guerrilla gardening.
Guerrilla gardening is the practice of gardening in the city without formal approval. It is widely used across the world by city dwellers to protect, to reclaim and to improve the public spaces in the city. At Colina Circului we practice guerrilla gardening since 2019.
Why guerrilla gardening? We will answer with an abstract from Guerrilla gardening manualfesto by David Tracey.
One way to prevent an empty city space from being taken over for something unwanted (how about another 5$ latte place?) is to use it. A space used is a space claimed, even if that use is for a guerrilla garden and the claim is dubious. Developers looking for places to buy and flip for fast profit prefer sites that are not controversial. If you can make a place look loved and cared for, you increase its chances of continuing as a community amenity. Every city has beautiful public spaces that were off limits until someone came up with a bright idea for what to do with them.
Identify a permaculture expert and establish a connection. Exchange ideas and draft together a plan for the workshop. We were lucky to get Liliana Botnaru on board to facilitate the workshop. Liliana brought to the workshop 9 years of experience in permaculture and shared from the personal examples of failures and successes in permaculture.
Gather a group of people interested in permaculture. We published an open call on facebook. Because we wanted the workshop to gather both locals and newcomers, we published the open call in various groups of refugees and partnered with local organizations who work with refugees to spread the word. We selected 15 participants, deciding on nine newcomers (refugees and migrants) and six locals. We decided on Russian as the workshop language so it will be accessible for the refugees from Ukraine and because most locals have knowledge of Russian.
Devise a workshop about the principles and design of permaculture and share experiences. We chose to have a presentation and a discussion about claiming the right to the city, urban citizenship and basic permaculture principles, before giving the floor to an expert in permaculture. Important aspects to consider when delivering a workshop on permaculture in the city: address the legal aspects of the right to garden in the city (who has the right, where is it allowed to garden, how to obtain permission if needed); tackle the topic of the role of urban gardening (the social, environmental and economical benefits); pay attention to debunking some of the common myths regarding urban gardening. In our context we chose to debunk the myth "the city is too polluted to grow food".
During the workshop, participants could intervene, address questions and share their own gardening experiences. Find below the structure of our workshop.
Note! Be flexible! The agenda above was how we envisioned the workshop. However, taking into account the principles of permaculture, we made friends with nature and had to adapt and improvise because the forecast for Sunday (when we planned the planting exercise) was with heavy wind and snowfall. Therefore, on Saturday we spent the morning discussing permaculture in the city, principles and approaches and permaculture design tools. After that, the participants created the design for the garden and we travelled to the site and did the planting. We had the whole snowy Sunday indoors to go more in depth, to analyse the planting exercise and to make plans for the future.
Make a design of the space identified in the city. The participants were split in two groups, each being responsible for a part of the space: one for the inner garden inside the pavilion and one for the wider perimeter outside the pavilion. With the guidance of our expert, they applied the gathered knowledge in making their own design of the space, in this way, getting the feeling of ownership over the process.
Note: Provide a map, ideally with measurements and a scale of the space where you want the design to be implemented. Luckily we had a map with measurements of the garden inside the pavilion. The participants drew their design over this map.
Design tip from the guerrilla gardening manualfesto: the most memorable garden spaces often appeal to more than just one or two senses. Think beyond sight to include taste (sweet berries, spicy leaves), smell (blossoms), sound (bamboo leaves rustle in even faint breezes and touch (fountain grass produces soft inflorescences).
Get / buy plants. Ideally you buy the plants after making the design, and devise a list together with the participants. In our case (we needed to be time efficient, and only had a two-day workshop), we made the list together with the expert beforehand, bought the plants before the workshop started, and shared the list with the participants before they started to create the design.
Tips!
- Follow the principles of permaculture and make sure to buy local plants, get as many perennials as possible and don't forget that you need at least three layers (trees for the upper canopy, shrubs for the middle layer and smaller plants or groundcovers for the bottom).
- Before buying the plants, check if some of the plants can be crowdsourced. In our case, some of the plants were generously gifted for the public good from the garden of Liliana and Sandu.
PLANT. After the participants finished their permaculture design, we went to the designated planting area with the trolleybus. In the meantime we had all the necessary tools, plants, mulch and water cans delivered to the planting space. As it was the end of November, we only had 3 hours of sunlight left for the planting activity. To add to the joy, it started raining just before we started planting. Even though it poured for three straight hours, all the participants stayed and got muddy together, being rewarded with warm tea and an awesome cake, cooked by 16 year-old Marius, our youngest (and most exploited) participant.
Debrief the experience and the whole process. We initially wanted to do the debriefing on the spot, but it was actually very helpful to make it on the next day in a warm, cozy office. Everybody shared their views on the previous day's experience, what worked for them, and what they wanted to improve. The workshop had the debrief as a starting point and our expert, together with the participants, answered all the questions that appeared. We continued with a theoretical part on permaculture, and it was nice that the participants already had a practical experience and could analyze their steps through the theoretical matrix presented.
Repeat. Continuity is bliss. We established a social media group with the participants to keep on developing the topic of urban permaculture, to expand and to form a network of activists interested in the topic and to have a common platform to organize further activities regarding the maintenance of the garden that we planted at Colina Circului.
This toolkit will guide you through the process of organizing a workshop on collective placemaking through permaculture for locals and newcomers.